As part of the UK's response to the threat of climate change, the UK Government has set out a radical plan to end the emission of greenhouse gases from all buildings by 2050. Achieving this will mean confronting two longstanding and deeply embedded contributors to such emissions: the poor energy efficiency standards of many UK buildings and our dependence on fossil fuels for heating.
Despite the fact that almost half of the energy we use in the UK is for heating, the problems of how to make major reductions in demand, and to decarbonise supply to meet remaining needs, have received limited attention. In addition, the evidence is that more radical forms of energy efficiency and heat innovations are happening more slowly than has often been assumed. There are significant uncertainties about the best ways to increase the pace of change in relation to better insulation of buildings, energy sources, technologies and prices. There are also contentious questions about shares of costs and benefits. Our social science research will address these uncertainties and contribute new insights into innovation for energy efficient and sustainable heat in Europe.
Although the UK is not alone in confronting these challenges, UK patterns of energy efficiency and heating for buildings are significantly different from many other European countries, reflecting the UK's history of cheap and plentiful natural gas resources, and the low priority given to energy efficiency and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels. Other parts of Europe have different histories, and have established policies, technologies and businesses oriented to efficiency and low carbon supplies. There are opportunities for the UK to benefit from such experience. We will compare UK, Danish and German responses to concurrent economic and environmental challenges, and the role of cities in emerging solutions in each case. We will study particular cities in England, Scotland, Germany and Denmark to identify and analyse differences in energy performance of buildings, heating systems, and energy policy and market structures. Findings will be used to provide insight into feasible and effective ways forward for UK energy efficiency and sustainable heat policy.
Rather than narrow (and potentially misleading) technical and economic assessments, our research focuses on explaining the differences between societies in patterns of energy efficiency and demand for heating. We pay particular attention to urban settings, because this is where heat demand is concentrated and where many resources for innovation are located, but we also consider the interaction of city, national and European scales.
Our research aims are threefold:
First, to develop a new analysis of innovations in energy efficiency and sustainable heat by drawing on two related strands of social science research on innovation: social studies of the technical infrastructures and social studies of the markets which underpin energy demand and supply, and which structure the pace and shape of change.
Second, to develop detailed evidence about emerging innovations for energy efficiency and sustainable heat in selected UK and European cities, and to analyse the implications of these innovations for urban energy demand to 2050.
Third, to use our research to identify the potential, and means, for shared learning between European cities, in relation to energy efficiency and sustainable heat policy and practice. We will do this by working closely with UK and European policymakers, businesses and communities.
The research has been designed in interaction with policy-makers, urban authorities and energy practitioners, as well as senior researchers. We will engage across European policy and research networks, and with stakeholders in each city case study. We will disseminate our research through presentations to a wide variety of UK and international audiences with interest in the future of heating systems.

Potential Impact:
1. Intended beneficiaries
Heating and energy services' suppliers; urban and regional authorities, Scottish, UK and EU policy-makers; energy-related knowledge exchange networks such as UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) and Energy Technologies Institute (ETI); End Use Energy Demand Centres (EUED), particularly the Centre on Innovation and Energy Demand (CIED).
2. User engagement:
The project will be managed in collaboration with beneficiaries. In comparing energy efficiency and heat services, and innovation, in UK, Denmark and Germany, particularly through urban case studies, the research will have an impact on shared learning. We will seek to make constructive use of this through engagement with the EU IEE STRATEGO network, which has 23 learning regions/cities, and 8 experienced regions/cities. Meetings of our cross-sector Advisory Board will be used to identify additional knowledge exchange priorities. Engagement will contribute to:
a. comparative European scenarios for energy efficiency and decarbonisation of heat;
b. developing feasible business and financial models;
c. shared learning for best practice in governance of such innovation in urban settings;
d. evaluation of feasibility of different urban scale transition pathways.
3. What will be done to ensure that they have the opportunity to benefit?
The research has been devised in interaction with UK and Scottish policy-makers, urban authority officers and energy practitioners, as well as Co-Directors of CIED. Our cross sector Project Advisory Board, including CIED (Geels), will meet twice a year to provide feedback and support wider dissemination. We will provide evidence-based feedback, and opportunities for reflection on progress for policy-makers, at European network and sustainable heat project planning meetings, particularly in Birmingham and Glasgow, and via Scottish Cities Alliance and Government Heat Network Partnership, and IEE STRATEGO. We will make formal presentations of evidence to policy-making bodies - notably the UK DECC Heat Team and Scottish Heat Networks Partnership. We aim to present findings to additional European networks with responsibility for energy efficient and low carbon heat policy, via Scotland Europa and Euroheat and Power. Wider knowledge exchange will be addressed by engagement in End Use Energy Demand centre events, especially CIED, where we aim to collaborate with the Low Energy Innovation Studio. We will link with UKERC national energy scenario workshops. A final one day conference will bring together key urban authorities, policy-makers, businesses and researchers. In relation to other practitioner and public research users, we will produce short articles for social media using the University of Edinburgh Press Office, as well as our networks into industry associations and Scottish and UK parliaments. The project website will be used to disseminate findings via early access to working papers. We will send regular updates to the End Use Energy Demand Centres, and to newsletters from the Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation newsletter (ISSTI University of Edinburgh), European Economic Sociology and Sustainability Transitions Research Network, to reach a broad energy-related academic and user community. We will present evidence at meetings and inquiries organised by Parliamentary Committees and forums in Westminster and Edinburgh.
4. Capability
The project will draw on the international resources of the University of Edinburgh, including the Institute of Governance (IoG), Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, and the Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation which hosts the Government's Climate Policy Exchange. Interaction between this hub and the Institute for Energy Systems (Edinburgh College of Science and Engineering) is ensured by team membership. All team members work at the interface of research, policy and action, and bridge intersecting communities of interest.