The vision of this Fellowship is to establish an unprecedented new bioengineering platform for synthetic biology - the SimCell (Simple and Simulated Cell) that performs advanced bioengineering functions in an easy-to-use, safe-to-handle, and reliable-to-build manner. The aim of this fellowship is to develop SimCells as programmable 'bio-robots' and establish the foundation for standardised engineering applications of SimCells. SimCells have the potential to open up a new frontier, enabling the development of new and smart materials for bioprocessing and manufacturing, bioenergy, healthcare, agriculture and environmental monitoring and protection. Unlike a living cell, a SimCell is a chromosome-free and simplified cellular bio-robot; its 'hardware' is the optimised 'shell' of a cell which enables specific cellular properties; and its 'software' is a piece of DNA which delivers the defined functions. The optimised shell and simple DNA in SimCells enables them faithfully delivering most of their energy and resources to a specific function without interference of unwanted pathways and networks in a natural cell. A SimCell is a non-dividing, biochemically active, designable and simplified agent, which can be continuously produced by engineered parent cells, but which cannot reproduce itself, making it more acceptable to public opinion than living genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The Fellowship is truly revolutionary, transforming current synthetic biology based on living cells or cell-free system by providing an intermediate building block between them and taking advantages of both. It directly addresses three of five great challenges of synthetic biology by establishing novel SimCells as predictable, simple, safe and programmable bio-robots. The application of SimCells would lead to address one of challenges in 'the third industrial revolution' - bioenergy.
To demonstrate SimCells as miniature factories with high energy transfer efficiency, a bio-transformation system will be designed to produce biofuels (such as ethanol and alkanes) from H2O and CO2, mediated by SimCells and powered by electrons and sunlight. This will be built on the established synthetic pathways developed by WH's previous research and patents. The outcomes of this Fellowship will set a bioenergy benchmark to which other long-term projects will aspire, and will also create the infrastructure for a wide range of applications.

Potential Impact:
The beneficiaries of SimCells research are wide ranging and there are a variety of routes in which to impact on the bioeconomy. SimCells will be developed as user-oriented 'bio-robots' with novel and controllable functions. Since they are non-living organisms, SimCells are a safe and robust enzyme system, which potentially can be purchased by end-users and used as building blocks by 3-D printers to build novel devices.
The strategic route to implement the impact is to establish a UK academic-Industry SimCell research club to rapidly disseminate the technology to the relevant companies in the UK, and expand the impact of the project to overseas market. The objectives of this SimCell club are:
1) To identify key area of SimCell applications;
2) To establish a pathway to commercialisation;
3) To promote making prototype products;
4) To explore opportunity of Intellectual Property (IP) issues;
5) To spin out a company by working with Sheffield Research and Innovation Services
The primary route for dissemination and acceleration of impact will be via the SimCell club, open source platforms in order to extend the reach and accessibility of research. This fellowship will enable the establishment of a SimCell bank, which allows users to submit and share data on the performance and characterisation of SimCells. Beneficiaries will be able to utilise the SimCells building blocks in developing bespoke solutions to engineering challenges. Usage of the research outputs will be encouraged via presentations, seminars and lectures at other institutes and related conferences. Exploitation of SimCells in conjunction with industrial partners and sponsors, will begin with applications in specific engineering challenges to ensure the high-value uptake of the SimCells platform.