How have attitudes and practices of energy use changed in the 20th century? And what can this tell us about ways to promote sustainability in the future? The 20th century saw an unprecedented rise in household energy consumption with the diffusion of coke and oil, natural gas and electricity. In the UK in 1974 households were responsible for 43% of electricity demand, most of it for heating space and water; thirty years earlier it had been just 7%. Unlike in industry, uncoupling energy use and growth has proved difficult in the private sphere. How did this figure get so big and how has the shift to new fuels stimulated new ways of living, and vice versa ? What can earlier moments of coping with shortages tell us about the possibilities of living with less in the future?
Rather than looking at supply, this project focuses on consumption and the interface between people and energy systems, with the help of case studies from Britain, Germany, Japan, Canada and India. It takes seriously that demand is made up of a number of energy-hungry daily practices. We focus on the lived, material and imagined world of energy, drawing on film, objects, fiction, time-use, consumer manuals and oral history as well as official and industrial archives. The project examines how culture and energy shaped each other. The aim is to humanise energy. We study four dimensions:

1) Energy Futures: Policy makers today project forward to 2020 and 2050 anticipating future worlds. Such imagined futures have a history. We ask about their changing horizon, imagined rates of change, utopian and dystopian scenarios. Contrary to popular wisdom, shortages were a frequent source of anxiety before the 1973 oil crisis. We follow debates from the coal shortages after WWI to concerns with energy security in the 1950s to future scenarios in the 1970s and place these in their cultural and political context.

2) Disruption: Current orthodoxy sees behaviour change as difficult, if not impossible, or responsive only to "nudging". People, it is presumed, will not tolerate change. But what if history shows this to be wrong? Before and after WWII, Europeans and Japanese as well as Americans were subject to many black-outs and shortages. Research will examine disruptions and popular responses, from the coal shortages at the end of WWI to the winter of 1962-3 which brought the English grid to its knees. Particular attention will be on consumers' and women's groups, and attempts to manage demand, "waste" and expectations.

3) Connections/Disconnections: Networks transformed space as well as time. This project is interested in the uneven social and cultural consequences of grids and their variable effect on energy use. Rather than treating grids purely as engineering solutions, we ask how they were imagined, accepted or resisted by communities that suddenly found themselves connected to other regions.

4) Transitions in Everyday Life: What precisely are the dynamics of change that lurk behind the trillions of KWhs that we in the developed world have come to treat as normal? This strand lifts the lid on "demand" and follows the diverse worlds of energy practices in daily life. The transition from wood and coal to coke, natural gas, electricity and oil varied immensely by country, region, class, and building type. We examine people's values and practices as well as how new fuels were marketed. We look at how energy was gendered, made visible, priced and communicated, and at earlier efforts to modify behaviour and promote new technologies, with case studies in London, Saijo City (Japan), Frankfurt, and Burton-on-Trent.

The project collaborates with partners in the cultural sector, government and energy sector as well as international institutes. It seeks to raise public awareness about the role of consumers in energy transitions as well as feed back the lessons of the past for stakeholders tackling the challenge of energy security and climate change today and tomorrow

Potential Impact:
The project aims at three main audiences: international stakeholders, domestic/UK policy, and the larger public. Its activities and partnerships are designed to foster knowledge exchange with these groups and to maximise the impact of the research. Key partners are represented on the advisory group to provide on-going support and help the project exploit further impact opportunities as they arise.

The project has secured support from several international organisations and institutes. These include the World Energy Council (WEC), the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), and Saijo City in Japan. With its large international membership, the WEC will provide an on-going platform for the historical project to exchange knowledge with stakeholders confronting the challenge of energy transitions today. The WEC has invited the PI to participate in its triennial World Energy Congress and facilitate meetings with its members. With the IASS the project will organise a series of workshops and exchange visits to facilitate dialogue with non-historical experts. With Saijo City, the project will collaborate in examining the dynamics of micro-transitions within the city, providing historical expertise and insight for on-going initiatives in sustainability in that city.

Within the UK, the project has collaborative arrangements with Defra which will act as its main partner to facilitate knowledge exchange and impact within the policy community in Whitehall. Defra will jointly host two meetings with the project which are explicitly designed to facilitate exchange of knowledge and feed back insights from this project into policy-making. One workshop will examine how futures have been imagined in scenario planning, past and present, and to give advice on alternative forms of anticipating unpredictable futures. A second meeting will examine changing experiments with measuring and communicating energy. DECC is also aware of the project. The partnership with Defra is understood to reach out to neighbouring departments of state with an interest in energy, and equally with other affiliated bodies and stakeholders, such as the Energy Saving Trust, Energy UK and Renewables UK.

A second group of partner organisations in the UK and internationally is the museum and cultural sector. In the UK, the main partners are the Science Museum Group with the Science Museum and MOSI in Manchester. The project will contribute historical understanding of energy's materiality and, in exchange, benefit from the collections and curatorial knowledge housed in the museum sector. The genre of energy films promises a further opportunity for a transnational exchange of knowledge. In addition to partnership with the BFI, the project has secured arrangements with foreign museums and archives in Germany and Japan to assist with the international comparison of visual genres, bringing together expertise from the film, archival and museum communities.

The Science Museum will serve as the base for one of the events that it is aimed at the public more widely, making use of the visual as well as empirical findings by the project. In addition, the project has secured support from the Raphael Samuel History Centre for a joint public event at the British Library and with support of the History & Policy think-tank. The project has further plans for public communication, including a virtual exhibition, a public debate and more conventional print and news media. The project inquires into the changing ways in which energy has been communicated and represented. It is therefore fitting - at the end of the project - to also reach out to younger members of the public and give them an opportunity to engage with the project and showcase their creative ideas, with the help of a set of workshops and music and drawing competitions. These will be organised with the help of a high school in Saijo City and Guildhall School of Music, London.