Plastic electronics encompasses the materials science, chemistry and physics of molecular electronic materials and the application of such materials to displays, lighting, flexible thin film electronics, solar energy conversion and sensors. The field is a growth area, nationally and globally, evidenced by the rapidly expanding organic display and printed electronics industries. Such a rapid pace of progress in organic thin-film electronics stems from the ease of processing and patterning of organic compounds, plus prospects for large-area deposition and low-cost. To ensure further progress of organic electronics and thus establishing it as a next generation technology requires an improvement in our ability to control the microstructures of solution-processed films, which, in turn, relies upon our fundamental understanding of the impact of these microstructures on optoelectronic and charge transport properties. The dependence of device performance on the microstructures of organic semiconductors (OSCs) and the factors affecting the development of specific microstructures in thin films are still poorly established and require urgent attention. The proposed research seeks to provide key fundamental and technological insights into this issue. We aim to control the microstructure of OSCs in terms of molecular order, orientation and alignment through solution processing. We targets to elucidate the important parameters during processing that impact the OSC microstructures and thus to identify the relationships between these microstructures and optoelectronic properties of OSCs. Particular attention will be paid to control the microstructure of OSCs (small molecules and conjugated polymers) with different packing structures to understand the role of chemical structures and packing motifs of molecules on the formation of thin film microstructures. Solution processing of advanced device architectures such as blends and multilayers with various length scales controlled will also be attempted to fabricate highly ambitious all printed, flexible, large area organic electronic devices. Three major impacts are expected from this project; (i) to reveal the crucial structure-property relationships of functional molecular materials, (ii) to establish a solution based printing method as a tool to control the microstructures of functional molecular materials, which can be optimised for various optoelectronic devices and (iii) to fabricate more efficient and cheaper devices for solar energy conversion and integrated circuits, which will be a long-term application of the project, will have a clear impact on the achievement of a low-carbon economy, which is currently one of EPSRC's major themes. Therefore, this project is of great relevance to the EPSRC remit.

Potential Impact:
Three major impacts are expected from this project.

First, the results of the proposed research will reveal the crucial structure-property relationships of functional molecular materials. The fundamental understanding of the relationships between microstructures and optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors and to correlate them with the device performance is still an area of open research for molecular electronics, rendering the successful output of this project to be novel. The direct beneficiaries will be a broad section of the electronics research community, both academic and industrial, for whom the information on the basic structures and properties at a molecular level of organic semiconductors obtained in this proposal will be of great interest. Key experimental data on model organic materials for FET and PV applications will aid in the development of understanding and description of molecular-scale, low-dimensional organic electronic systems, and in reconstructing realistic models of relevant thin-film microstructures and device physics based on organic semiconductors. Material synthetic and device engineering strategies, as well as the development of advanced structural imaging technique will directly benefit from this proposed research.

Second, the proposed work will contribute to the flourishing plastic (or printed) electronics industry. The output of the project will establish a solution based printing technique as a tool to control precisely the microstructure of functional molecular materials, which can be optimised for various optoelectronic devices. The manufacture of such a tool will also provide an advantage for the UK instrumentation industry. The impact of the output of this project is global. A solution based printing technique developed and established in this proposal could also be novel in tackling other highly important questions in nanoscale functional materials and devices by allowing us to access certain molecular structures that are not normally achievable and thus to invent new device architectures.

Third, in this project, special attention is devoted to materials and devices of interest to the field of organic electronics. The main tasks of controlling molecular architectures are dedicated to the investigation of organic semiconductor materials and devices, with high ambition to fabricate all printed, flexible, large area organic devices, which are expected to yield a revolution in terms of efficient and cost effective solar cells and transistors. The progress in the development of more efficient and cheaper devices for solar energy conversion and electronic circuits, which will be a long-term application of the project, will have a clear impact on the achievement of a low-carbon economy, which is currently one of EPSRC's major themes. Therefore, this project is of great relevance to the EPSRC remit.